云南省德宏州发现3种草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生蜂

重大迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)自2019年1月入侵我国以来,已对我国粮食安全构成重大威胁。为加速对我国草地贪夜蛾寄生性天敌资源的发掘与防治潜能的评估,我们于2019年9月-11月对云南省德宏州玉米和小麦上草地贪夜蛾的寄生性天敌开展田间调查并对采集到的天敌进行分子鉴定。共发现3种草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生蜂,分别为斯氏侧沟茧蜂Microplitis similis Lyle、半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum Hellen和斜纹夜蛾长距姬小蜂Euplectrus laphygmae Ferrière,田间最高自然寄生率分别为12.00%、22.30%和5.33%。另外,田间调查发现在玉米和大豆上斯氏侧沟茧蜂还可寄生与草地贪夜蛾同属的斜纹夜蛾S.litura幼虫;在大豆和杂草上斜纹夜蛾长距姬小蜂可寄生甜菜夜蛾S.exigua幼虫。本研究将为今后开展草地贪夜蛾天敌昆虫的保护和利用提供重要参考。     

转cry1Ab/vip3H基因水稻对非靶标害虫褐飞虱连续多代生长发育与繁殖的影响

实验室条件下,转cry1Ab/vip3H基因水稻G6H1对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens生长发育与繁殖的继代效应评价结果表明,不论是在苗期或是成株期,在各水稻品种上连续饲喂褐飞虱4代后,该虫各代的生长发育和繁殖参数都没有受到水稻品种的显著影响,即不论是在第1代、第2代还是第4代,取食G6H1与取食其非转基因亲本Xiushui 110相比,褐飞虱若虫的发育时间、成虫寿命和产卵量都没有显著差异。同时,2008年和2009年的田间调查结果表明,G6H1和Xiushui 110稻田间褐飞虱的若虫、成虫和成若虫总密度均无显著差异。     

马铃薯块茎蛾生物防治研究进展与展望

马铃薯块茎蛾是马铃薯上重要的世界性害虫,会对马铃薯造成毁灭性的危害,该害虫目前已成为影响马铃薯产业发展的重要因素。化学农药的过度使用造成了马铃薯块茎蛾的抗药性增强,使用单一的化学防治并不能对该虫进行长久有效的控制。因此,近年来生物防治逐渐引起了研究人员的重视。本文从马铃薯块茎蛾的天敌种类、昆虫病原物、昆虫性信息素和植物提取物等方面概述了近些年马铃薯块茎蛾生物防治研究工作的进展。     

Glomus mosseae bioprotection against aster yellows phytoplasma (16srI-B) and Spiroplasma citri infection in Madagascar periwinkle

The bio-control potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae against two pathogenic microorganisms aster yellows (AY) phytoplasma and Spiroplasma citri has been examined in Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). G. mosseae had a positive influence on healthy C. roseus plants and S. citri infection. It provided bioprotection against S. citri pathogen and induced significant degree of resistance to spiroplasma infection. Besides, symptom expression significantly reduced and shoot height, leaves number, root fresh and dry weight increased in spiroplasma-infected plants treated with mycorrhiza fungus. Although, G. mosseae had no positive effect on phytoplasma disease. The root architectures were affected by the phytoplasma pathogen, and the root surface area dramatically decreased in G. mosseae treated AY-infected periwinkles compared with the control. Nitrogen and Phosphorus concentrations notably increased in spiroplasma + G. mosseae compared with control plants. Potassium concentration did not differ significantly in all mycorrhizal treated and untreated infected plants except in G. mosseae treated healthy plants. The spore density and root colonization rate did not vary in both pathogen treatments G. mosseae + spiroplasma and G. mosseae + phytoplasma. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the bioprotective effect of G. mosseae on S. citri. The possible mechanisms involved in complex interaction between plants, cell wall-less bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are discussed and the underlying mechanisms for the functioning of AMF are hypothesized.     

Synthetic tetramer of a Phytophthora sojae-inducible fragment from soybean GmaSKTI36 promoter improves its pathogen induction activities

Using pathogen-induced promoters to control expression of the functional genes in transgenic plants may greatly increase the chances of boosting disease resistance. However, the number of the inducible promoters is limited. Here, we found that soybean GmaSKTI36 gene is strongly induced upon Phytophthora sojae infection. Functional analysis showed that its promoter could mediate rapid and strong induction of GUS expression upon pathogen infection in both Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and soybean hairy roots. Then, a 122 bp fragment that was critical to the activity was successfully identified by a progressive 5′ deletion analysis. Importantly, we found that a synthetic promoter by tetramerizing this fragment could confer strong P. sojae induction activities. Overall, the results suggested that the GmaSKTI36 promoter, the 122 bp fragment, and the synthetic promoter are potentially useful pathogen-inducible promoters.     

江苏省小麦禾谷孢囊线虫群体核糖体DNA-ITS区序列分析

对采集自江苏省徐州、宿迁、连云港和盐城4个地区的15个小麦禾谷孢囊线虫群体进行核糖体DNA-ITS区的RFLP分析。结果表明:测定的所有群体均具有相同的酶切图谱,既具有与国外B型群体(印度群体)相同的AluⅠ和RsaⅠ酶切图谱,同时也具有中国群体独特的HinfⅠ和Tru9Ⅰ酶切图谱(C型)。采用Neighbor-Joining法(MEGA4.0)构建的ITS序列系统进化树显示:所有15个江苏群体均聚在小麦禾谷孢囊线虫组(Heterodera avenae group)下的小麦禾谷孢囊线虫复合种群(H.avenae complex)分支内,且多数江苏群体与草地孢囊线虫(H.pratensis)德国和俄罗斯群体的遗传距离相对较近。通过江苏群体与其他近源群体的ITS序列分析比较,河南郑州群体与澳州孢囊线虫(H.australis)的遗传距离较近,青海群体和河南郑州群体在分子遗传水平上具有明显的地域性,而江苏省和我国其他省份的小麦孢囊线虫群体具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

Potato insect pest management

正Having an estimated production of 388 million tons in 2017(FAO2019),potatoisoneoftheworld’smostimportant foodcrops,alongwithrice,wheat,andmaize.Potato plantscanadapttodifferentagriculturalenvironments and are widely grown over many latitudes and elevations(Douchesetal.2004).Inadditiontoitsconsumptionin Europe, North America and countries of the former Soviet Union, potato is now also popularized in Africa and Asia,     

转cry2Ah-vp基因玉米的抗虫性鉴定

为获得新型抗虫转基因玉米,将通过群体筛选获得的具有抗虫性的转cry2Ah-vp基因玉米VP1-5采用PCR、Southern blot、实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)、酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)等方法进行阳性植株鉴定、拷贝数分析、转录水平和翻译水平分析,同时通过室内和田间生物活性测定鉴定转基因玉米VP1-5对东方黏虫Mythimna separata和亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis的抗性。结果表明,在转基因玉米VP1-5中cry2Ah-vp基因已整合到玉米基因组,以单拷贝的形式插入;cry2Ah-vp基因在转基因玉米VP1-5不同部位组织中均可以正常转录,在灌浆期叶片中的mRNA表达量最高,相对表达量为32.67,在灌浆期穗轴中的mRNA表达量最低,相对表达量为3.74;Cry2Ah-vp蛋白在转基因玉米VP1-5的6叶期各组织中表达量均较高,其中在叶片中的表达量达到2 155.18 ng/g FW,在抽雄期花丝中的表达量最高,达到2 165.86 ng/g FW;且转基因玉米VP1-5对东方黏虫有很高的杀虫活性,接虫3 d后幼虫死亡率达到100.00%;对亚洲玉米螟幼虫也有明显的生长抑制作用。表明转基因玉米VP1-5可作为玉米抗虫育种和害虫防治的种质资源。     

原生质体法介导真菌遗传转化的研究进展

原生质体法介导真菌遗传转化体系是实现大规模随机、定点突变和菌种改良的方法之一,为研究真菌致病性和侵染机制奠定了基础。原生质体法构建转化体系的步骤包括原生质体的制备、转化与再生,其中关键是原生质体的制备,通常采用酶解法破除细胞壁获得原生质体,其获得率直接影响转化效率。转化通常借助于聚乙二醇(PEG)介导、电击或限制性内切酶法完成,其中PEG介导的原生质体转化法较传统,技术较成熟;电击法操作较简单;限制性内切酶(REMI)介导的整合转化,因其转化效率较高,可产生大量稳定的转化子,正被越来越多地应用于丝状真菌的遗传转化。     

转crylAb／vip3H基因水稻对非靶标害虫褐飞连续多代生长发育与繁殖的影响

实验室条件下,转crylAb／vip3H基因水稻G6H1对褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens生长发育与繁殖的继代效应评价结果表明,不论是在苗期或是成株期,在各水稻品种上连续饲喂褐飞虱4代后,该虫各代的生长发育和繁殖参数都没有受到水稻品种的显著影响,即不论是在第1代、第2代还是第4代,取食G6Hl与取食其非转基因亲本Xiushui110相比,褐飞虱若虫的发育时间、成虫寿命和产卵量都没有显著差异。同时,2008年和2009年的田间调查结果表明,G6H1和Xiushui110稻田间褐飞虱的若虫、成虫和成若虫总密度均无显著差异。